Perforated Water-Blocking Element

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides optical-fiber communication cables with an improved water-blocking element that reduces or eliminates microbending caused by the water-swellable particulate powders by employing such water-swellable powders in conjunction with a smooth but perforated compression-resistant carrier tape. The water-blocking element is deployed within optical-fiber buffer tubes to water-block the buffer tubes and to minimize microbending that can occur when water-swellable particulate powders press against optical fibers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application hereby claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 61/141,443, for a Perforated Water-Blocking Element (filed Dec. 30, 2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an optical-fiber cable that includes a perforated water-blocking element.

BACKGROUND

Water-blocking in optical-fiber buffer tubes and fiber optic cables typically has been accomplished by using petroleum-based filling gels (e.g., grease). By completely filling all of the free space inside a buffer tube that contains an optical fiber or optical-fiber bundle, the filling gel blocks the ingress of water into the fiber optic cable.

Moreover, being a thixotropic material, the filling gel also tends to mechanically couple the optical fiber(s) to the buffer tube. Such mechanical coupling prevents the optical fiber(s) from retracting inside the buffer tube as the buffer tube is processed during manufacturing, as the cable is installed or otherwise handled in the field, or as the cable is subjected to thermally induced dimensional changes from environmental exposure.

Although relatively effective for controlling cable flooding, the petroleum-based filling gels are inconvenient during cable repair and optical-fiber splicing. The use of such gels requires cleaning the petroleum-based material from optical fibers prior to splicing (and sometimes from equipment and personnel, too), which can be messy and time consuming. Consequently, using conventional filling greases is often undesirable.

Various dry-cable designs have been developed to eliminate filling greases while providing some water-blocking and coupling functions. In either loose tube fiber cables or ribbon cables, a totally dry design eliminates the filling gel from the enclosed buffer tubes. In a totally dry cable, for example, filling gel may be replaced by a water-blocking element, such as a tape or a yarn carrying a water-swellable material (e.g., water-swellable powder). Water-swellable powders are dry to the touch and, when bound to a carrier tape or yarn, can be readily removed during field operations (e.g., splicing).

Optical fibers are sensitive to mechanical loads, which can cause undesirable microbending. Those having ordinary skill in the art know that microbending is induced when small stresses are applied along the length of an optical fiber, perturbing the optical path through microscopically small deflections in the core.

Water-swellable powders consist of finely ground hard particles. The size and hardness of such particulates may be sufficient to cause microbending and optical attenuation in the optical fibers they contact.

Accordingly, there is a need for a more effective solution to dry cable design. In particular, there is a need for a grease-free water-blocking element that reduces microbending losses in optical fibers yet effectively blocks the longitudinal movement of water inside a fiber optic cable and its constituent buffer tubes.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present optical-fiber cable includes at least one buffer tube in which an improved water-blocking element at least partially surrounds one or more optical fibers. Stated otherwise, the water-blocking element is positioned between the optical fiber(s) and its surrounding buffer tube, all within a cable jacket (e.g., polymeric jacketing). The water-blocking element possesses discrete perforations of sufficient size and number to promote water movement. The water-blocking element typically includes at least one component that permits the water-blocking element to maintain its strength and structural integrity when immersed in water.

In one embodiment, the water-blocking element includes water-swellable particulate powder bonded to a substantially non-fibrous, compression-resistant carrier tape. The carrier tape is perforated (i.e., defines a plurality of perforations) to promote water transport to the water-swellable particulate powder. The perforated carrier tape is positioned adjacent to the optical fiber(s) such that the water-swellable particulate powder is separated from the optical fiber(s).

In an alternative embodiment, the water-blocking element includes water-swellable particulate powder disposed (e.g., encapsulated) between substantially non-fibrous, compression-resistant perforated carrier tapes.

In another embodiment, the water-blocking element includes water-swellable particulate powder bonded to a fibrous carrier tape. The carrier tape possesses discrete perforations of sufficient size and number to promote water transport from the optical fiber(s) to the water-swellable particulate powder. The perforated fibrous carrier tape is positioned adjacent to the optical fiber(s) such that the water-swellable particulate powder is separated from the optical fiber(s).

In an alternative embodiment, the water-blocking element includes water-swellable particulate powder disposed (e.g., encapsulated) between perforated fibrous carrier tapes.

The foregoing illustrative summary, as well as other exemplary objectives and/or advantages of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further explained within the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a two-layer water-blocking element according the present invention in which water-swellable powder is bonded to a perforated carrier tape.

FIG. 2 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a three-layer water-blocking element according the present invention in which water-swellable powder is disposed between two perforated carrier tapes.

FIG. 3 schematically depicts a top view of an exemplary perforated carrier tape according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention, which embraces an improved, dry optical-fiber cable possessing water-blocking capabilities, is described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, these drawings are schematic representations, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. This invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. The embodiments disclosed are provided to convey the scope of the invention to those having skill in the relevant art.

That said, FIG. 1 schematically depicts a water-blocking element (10) formed from an elongate material. The water-blocking element (10) is a two-layer structure having water-swellable particulate powder (14) bonded (e.g., with an adhesive material) to a carrier tape (16), typically a relatively smooth carrier tape. The carrier tape (16) defines a plurality of perforations (12).

The water-blocking element is positioned within an optical-fiber cable between the optical fiber(s) and the buffer tube. The water-blocking element (10) at least partially encloses the optical fiber(s). The water-blocking element (10) is oriented within the buffer tube such that the perforated carrier tape (16) is positioned adjacent to the optical fiber(s), and the water-swellable particulate powder (14) is positioned opposite the optical fiber(s).

The perforations (12) in the carrier tape (16) facilitate the transport of water toward the water-swellable particulate powder (14), thereby activating the water-blocking characteristics of the water-swellable particulate powder (14). As the water-swellable particulate powder (14) swells, the perforations (12) in the carrier tape (16) allow the expanded water-swellable particulate powders to exude through the perforations (12) of the carrier tape (16) and into the cavities and interstices surrounding the optical fiber(s).

The perforations (12) may be of any suitable profile (i.e., size, shape, and/or pattern) so long as the perforations (12) can effectively transport water toward the water-swellable particulate powder (14) and, thereafter, can accommodate the expansion of the activated water-swellable particulate powders (14). In this regard, although FIG. 1 depicts the perforations (12) as holes, other profiles, such as slits or flaps, are within the scope of the present invention. The use of flaps or slits, instead of holes, may further improve the smoothness of the carrier tape.

FIG. 2 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a perforated water-blocking element (20) according to the present invention. The water-blocking element (20) is a three-layer structure that includes a water-swellable particulate powder layer (24) encapsulated between two carrier tapes (26, 28). The water-swellable particulate powder (24) is bound (e.g., with an adhesive material) to at least one (and typically both) carrier tape layers (26, 28).

The two carrier tape layers (26, 28) each have perforations (22) that, as noted, can be of any suitable size, shape, and/or pattern. The perforations facilitate the transport of incoming water toward the water-swellable particulate powder (24) and allow the activated water-swellable particulate powders (24) to exude through the perforations of the carrier tape (26) that is positioned adjacent to the optical fiber(s) and into the cavities and interstices surrounding the optical fiber(s). Moreover, the carrier tape may be coated with a wetting agent (e.g., a surfactant) that promotes the transport of intruding water toward the water-swellable particulate powder. For example, a surfactant may reduce the surface tension of at least a portion of the carrier tape so that water can easily move through a perforation toward the water-swellable particulate powder.

As schematically depicted in FIG. 2, the respective perforations in carrier tape layer 26 and carrier tape layer 28 are aligned. This embodiment of the present invention, however, is not so limited (i.e., the respective perforations in the two carrier tape layers need not be coextensive in size, shape, or number). Indeed, it is within the scope of the invention to employ the second carrier tape layer 28 (i.e., the tape layer nearest the buffer tube wall) with few perforations, if any.

FIG. 3 schematically depicts a top view of an exemplary perforated carrier tape according to the present invention having a representative perforation pattern.

As further discussed herein, the perforated carrier tapes as depicted in FIGS. 1-3 can be formed from either (i) non-fibrous films or sheets or (ii) fibrous fabrics or webs (e.g., nonwovens). In either case, a water-blocking element's perforated carrier tape is typically water-insoluble such that it maintains its strength and structural integrity when immersed in water.

The water-blocking element according to the present invention is disposed within the buffer tube in such a way as to surround the optical fiber(s). The width of the water-blocking element is typically the same as the inner circumference of the buffer tube. In some embodiments, however, the width of the water-blocking element is at least about ten percent greater than the buffer tube's inner circumference.

The water-blocking element is typically positioned directly adjacent to the inner wall of the buffer to such that there is little, if any, unfilled space between the inner wall of the buffer tube and the water-blocking element. Otherwise, such unfilled space would allow water within the buffer tube to migrate longitudinally along the buffer tube's inner wall. The water-blocking element may be secured to the buffer tube, for example, using an adhesive, by melt-bonding part of the water blocking element to the buffer tube during extrusion, or by frictional coupling of the water-blocking element and the buffer tube. Suitable techniques for securing buffer-tube elements (e.g., via adhesives) are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,515,795 for a Water-Swellable Tape, Adhesive-Backed for Coupling When Used Inside a Buffer Tube, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The perforated water-blocking element of the present invention provides improved water-blocking within the buffer tube. If water intrusion (e.g., flooding) does occur, water tends to migrate radially inward toward the optical fibers (i.e., the optical-fiber element) contained within the buffer tube. In this way, the water-blocking element helps to prevent transport of the water along the length of the optical-fiber cable.

Some unfilled space is usually provided adjacent the optical fibers (i.e., between the optical fibers and the perforated carrier tape). In this regard, free space, or so-called annular free space, between the optical fibers and the perforated carrier tape within the buffer tube allows the optical fibers to move more or less freely within the cable. For example, although the glass fibers and the polymeric buffer tube may respond differently to temperature changes, the optical fibers are not fixedly secured to the water-blocking element. Consequently, the optical fibers are not forced to move as the buffer tube thermally expands or contracts.

Moreover, as used herein in this context, the term “annular free space” is intended to characterize unfilled space that can exist between the optical-fiber element (i.e., the optical fibers) and its surrounding structure (i.e., around the entire perimeter of the optical-fiber element) regardless of the respective shapes of the optical-fiber cable and its components (e.g., a rectangular ribbon stack within a round buffer tube). In this regard, the term “annular free space” as used herein is not limited to the regular gap between two concentric tubes (or casings) having circular cross-sections (i.e., a perfect annulus).

The structure of the water-blocking element inhibits the dry water-swellable particulate powder from directly contacting the optical fiber(s). Contact between the optical fiber(s) and the dry water-swellable particulate powder (i.e., before its activation) could cause microbending in the optical fibers. In other words, the perforated carrier tape acts as a barrier between the inactivated water-swellable particulate powder and the optical fibers.

That said, it is within the scope of the present invention to further include a coupling material between the optical fibers and the perforated carrier tape of the water-blocking element. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that to facilitate the transport of water through the perforated carrier tape to the water-swellable particulate powder (and thereby activating the water-blocking characteristics of the water-swellable particulate powder), the coupling material may be discontinuously provided upon the surface of the perforated carrier tape.

An exemplary coupling material is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0003785 A1 and its related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/146,588 for a Coupling Composition for Optical Fiber Cables, filed Jun. 26, 2008, (Parris et al.). Likewise, the exemplary use of discrete domains of adhesive material to couple a water-swellable element and optical fibers is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,589 for a Gel-Free Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Element and commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,739 for a Fiber Optic Cable Having a Water-Swellable Element. Each of these patent publications and patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Fibrous, fabric carrier tapes may be employed for water-blocking elements. In one embodiment, for example, the water-swellable, perforated carrier tape of the present invention is a fibrous fabric (e.g., knit, woven, or nonwoven), such as a substrate made from synthetic polymeric fibers (e.g., polyester or polyolefin fibers) or natural fibers (e.g., cellulose). Such fibrous tapes can be surficially rough, however, so selecting a suitable, smooth carrier tape should be made with due consideration. To ensure a smooth surface, fibrous (and non-fibrous) tapes may be treated with a surface coating formulation (e.g., to achieve a coated paper tape) or otherwise enhanced with a thin, smooth film (e.g., a polymeric surface film).

The sensitivity of optical fibers to mechanical loads, as well as the desire to reduce cable dimensions, makes the use of a smoother carrier tape somewhat advantageous. Accordingly, a smooth perforated carrier tape may be employed to effectively separate the water-swellable particulate powder from the optical fibers. This separation helps reduce microbending and optical attenuation that could otherwise occur if the optical fiber(s) were to contact the water-swellable particulate powder, such as during cable installation.

Therefore, in a more typical embodiment, a smooth water-swellable, perforated carrier tape is substantially non-fibrous. In exemplary embodiments, the tape may be a polyester film, such as MYLAR® film, or a polyolefin tape (e.g., polypropylene or polyethylene). Other suitable carrier tapes include fire-resistant polyimide films (e.g., KAPTON® film).

Whether non-fibrous or fibrous, the carrier tape should yield a reduced overall thickness of the water-blocking element. In this regard and in contrast to conventional foam inserts, the perforated carrier tape is somewhat resistant to compression (e.g., less bulky). Such reduced bulk permits the dimensions of the fiber optic cable to be reduced or, alternatively, provides more free space for the optical fibers within the buffer tube.

The perforated carrier tape typically possesses Shore A hardness of more than about 25 (e.g., 30-40), more typically more than about 45 (e.g., 50-60), and most typically more than about 65 (e.g., 70-80 or more).

As used herein, hardness refers to a material's resistance to indentation upon the application of a static load. This is conveniently measured using an appropriate Shore durometer (e.g., a Shore A durometer). The Shore A hardness scale is typically used for soft rubbers and the like; the Shore 00 hardness scale is typically used for foams that have Shore A hardness of less than about 5 (e.g., a Shore 00 hardness of less than about 45.) Shore hardness is typically measured at standard temperature and pressure (STP). As used herein, standard temperature and pressure (STP) refers to testing conditions of 50 percent relative humidity at 70° F. (i.e., about 20° C.) and atmospheric pressure (i.e., 760 torr).

Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that for a buffer tube having a particular inner diameter, the water-blocking element should be thin enough such that the inner diameter of the buffer tube is greater than the combined thicknesses of all elements within the buffer tube. For example, the sum of twice the thickness of the water-blocking element, and the maximum cross-sectional width of the optical-fiber element (i.e., the optical fibers) should be less than the inner diameter of the buffer tube. (Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the thickness of the water-blocking element is considered twice because it typically encircles the optical fibers.) On the other hand, the carrier tape must not be too thin or it will too readily deform, thereby allowing bumps caused by the water-swellable particulate powder to be transferred through the carrier tape to the optical fibers.

The water-swellable particulate powders typically possess a particle size weight distribution in which the median particle diameter is less than about 500 microns, more typically between about 10 and 300 microns.

As will be understood by those familiar with bulk powder measurements, particle size may be measured via light scattering techniques. For example, particle sizes and distributions are often characterized according to ASTM B330-2 (“Standard Test Method for Fisher Number of Metal Powders and Related Compounds”). Alternatively, bulk particle sizes and distributions may be characterized using a Hegman Fineness number determined from ASTM D1210-79. Particle-size characterizations of particulate powders are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0274316 A1, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As noted, the size (and size distribution) of the particulates in the water-swellable powder influence the deformation of the carrier tape. Thus, the size and quantity of the water-swellable particulates must be selected to prevent water-swellable powder “bumps” from causing optical attenuation (e.g., microbending). In addition, the perforations in the carrier tape may be sized to obstruct the migration of the dry water-swellable powder through the perforations of the carrier tape (i.e., hinder dry migration of the powder). That said, because the water-swellable particulate powders are typically bonded (e.g., with an adhesive) to a perforated carrier tape, the perforations need not be smaller (e.g., have a smaller diameter) than the water-swellable particulate powders to preclude complete or partial passing of the particulate powders through the perforations. In view of the foregoing and by way of illustration, the perforations typically have a diameter of between about 0.1 millimeter and about 10 millimeters (e.g., between about 0.5 millimeter and about 2 millimeters, such as about 1 millimeter).

Exemplary water-swellable materials include a matrix (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate or rubber) enhanced with about 30 to 70 weight percent super absorbent polymers (SAPs), such as particulates of sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylate salt, or acrylic acid polymer with sodium salt. Such water-swellable materials can be processed on conventional hot melt adhesive machinery.

As noted, the perforated carrier tapes of the present invention resist significant compression, such as that which occurs in foams having density reductions of 30 percent or more. Consequently, the perforated carrier tapes are relatively thin, thereby providing more space for the optical fiber(s) to move within the buffer tube. In other words, a perforated carrier tape itself will provide little coupling between the optical fiber(s) and the surrounding buffer tubes. In an exemplary embodiment, the water-blocking element has a perforated carrier tape with a density of at least about 0.90 g/cm³.

In particular embodiments, the perforated carrier tapes possess only negligible compression properties (i.e., a substantially incompressible material).

Therefore, by controlling (i) the particulate size distribution of the water-swellable powder, along with (ii) the carrier tape parameters (i.e., thickness, strength, hardness, and material), as well as (iii) the carrier tape perforations (i.e., size and quantity), a considerable reduction in optical-fiber microbending, as well as more efficient water-blocking of the buffer tube is achieved.

As noted, the perforated carrier tapes of the present invention can embrace fibrous carrier tapes (e.g., cellulosic nonwovens), such as paper or other natural fibers. Perforated fibrous carrier tapes, which include water-swellable particulate powder bonded thereto, are positioned adjacent to the optical fiber(s) such that the water-swellable particulate powder is separated from the optical fiber(s). As such, it is preferable that the fibrous carrier tapes provide a smooth surface adjacent to the optical fibers.

One exemplary fibrous carrier tape is parchment paper, which is made from cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer. As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, parchment paper may be achieved by treating linear cellulose polymer chains with sulfuric acid. This acid treatment promotes cross-linking, thereby providing the parchment paper with improved wet strength and water resistance. In addition, some parchment paper (e.g., silicone-coated parchment paper) includes surface treatment to further enhance its durability.

As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, fibrous carrier tapes possess discrete perforations (and inherent interstices) of sufficient size and number to promote water transport from the optical fiber(s) to the water-swellable particulate powder. In this regard, the inherent interstices of the fibrous carrier tapes (i.e., spaces between fibers) occur intrinsically during formation of the fibrous substrate, whereas the larger, discrete perforations are formed in a secondary process (i.e., to achieve the desired distribution of openings).

A typical fibrous carrier tape (e.g., a nonwoven) formed from a plurality of polymeric fibers has a polymeric fiber density of more than about 80 percent (e.g., 90 percent or more). In other words, the overall density of the fibrous carrier tape is at least about 80 percent of the density of its constituent polymeric fibers.

The present water-blocking elements may be included in optical-fiber cables and buffer tubes having relatively high filling coefficients and fiber densities. Furthermore, the smoothness of the present water-blocking elements facilitates acceptable cable-attenuation performance.

As used herein, the term “buffer-tube filling coefficient” refers to the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of the optical fibers within a buffer tube versus the inner cross-sectional area of that buffer tube (i.e., defined by the inner boundary of the buffer tube). By way of clarification, the term “buffer-tube filling coefficient” excludes ribbon matrix materials (e.g., subunit and common ribbon matrices).

Additionally, as used herein, the term “cumulative buffer-tube filling coefficient” refers to the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of the optical fibers enclosed within buffer tubes versus the sum of the inner cross-sectional areas of the buffer tubes containing those optical fibers.

Buffer tubes containing the present water-blocking elements may have a buffer-tube filling coefficient of at least about 0.20, typically about 0.30 or more (e.g., at least about 0.40). Even higher filling coefficients are possible in buffer tubes containing bend-insensitive fibers. For example, such buffer tubes typically have a buffer-tubes filling coefficient of greater than 0.50, more typically at least about 0.60 (e.g., 0.70 or more). In this regard, buffer tubes in accordance with the present invention typically include between 12 and 432 optical fibers (e.g., 216 optical fibers configured as a 12×18 ribbon stack). That said, buffer tubes having higher fiber counts (e.g., at least 864 optical fibers) are within the scope of the present invention.

Optical-fiber cables containing the present water-blocking elements typically demonstrate exceptional resistance to attenuation as determined by temperature cycle testing, even though these cables typically possess relatively high buffer-tube filling coefficients. For example, optical-fiber cables in accordance with the present invention meet or exceed temperature cycling requirements as set forth in GR-20-CORE (6.6.3, Issue 3, May 2008), hereinafter referred to as the “GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement.” The GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Moreover, optical-fiber cables containing the present water-blocking elements typically demonstrate exceptional resistance to water penetration as determined by water-penetration testing. For example, optical-fiber cables in accordance with the present invention meet or exceed water-penetration requirements as set forth in GR-20-CORE (6.6.7, Issue 3, May 2008), hereinafter referred to as the “GR-20-CORE water-penetration requirement.” The GR-20-CORE water-penetration requirement is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The optical-fiber cables according to the present invention may also meet or exceed certain Telcordia Technologies generic requirements for optical-fiber cables as set forth in GR-20-CORE (Issue 2, July 1998; Issue 3, May 2008), such as low-temperature and high-temperature cable bend (6.5.3), impact resistance (6.5.4), compression (6.5.5), tensile strength of cable (6.5.6), cable twist (6.5.7), cable cyclic flexing (6.5.8), mid-span buffer tube performance of stranded cable (6.5.11), cable aging (6.6.4), and cable freezing (6.6.5). These GR-20-CORE generic requirements (i.e., Issue 2, July 1998, and Issue 3, May 2008, respectively) are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The water-blocking elements according to the present invention may be deployed in various structures, such as those exemplary structures disclosed hereinafter.

As noted, one or more of the present water-blocking elements may be enclosed within a buffer tube. For instance, one or more water-blocking elements may be deployed in either a single fiber loose buffer tube or a multi-fiber loose buffer tube. With respect to the latter, multiple optical fibers may be bundled or stranded within a buffer tube or other structure. In this regard, within a multi-fiber loose buffer tube, fiber sub-bundles may be separated with binders (e.g., each fiber sub-bundle is enveloped in a binder). Moreover, fan-out tubing may be installed at the termination of such loose buffer tubes to directly terminate loose buffered optical fibers with field-installed connectors.

Such buffer tubes may contain conventional glass fibers or bend-insensitive glass fibers. An exemplary bend-insensitive glass fiber for use in the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,623,747 for a Single Mode Optical Fiber.

With respect to conventional and bend-insensitive optical fibers, the component glass fiber typically has an outer diameter of about 125 microns. With respect to an optical fiber's surrounding coating layers, the primary coating typically has an outer diameter of between about 175 microns and about 195 microns (i.e., a primary coating thickness of between about 25 microns and 35 microns) and the secondary coating typically has an outer diameter of between about 235 microns and about 265 microns (i.e., a secondary coating thickness of between about 20 microns and 45 microns). Optionally, the optical fiber may include an outermost ink layer, which is typically between two and ten microns in thickness.

In one alternative embodiment, an optical fiber may possess a reduced diameter (e.g., an outermost diameter between about 150 microns and 230 microns). In this alternative optical fiber configuration, the thickness of the primary coating and/or secondary coating is reduced, while the diameter of the component glass fiber is maintained at about 125 microns. (Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, unless otherwise specified, diameter measurements refer to outer diameters.)

By way of illustration, in such exemplary embodiments the primary coating layer may have an outer diameter of between about 135 microns and about 175 microns (e.g., about 160 microns), typically less than 165 microns (e.g., between about 135 microns and 150 microns) and usually more than 140 microns (e.g., between about 145 microns and 155 microns, such as about 150 microns).

Moreover, in such exemplary embodiments the secondary coating layer may have an outer diameter of between about 150 microns and about 230 microns (e.g., more than about 165 microns, such as 190-210 microns or so), typically between about 180 microns and 200 microns. In other words, the total diameter of the optical fiber is reduced to less than about 230 microns (e.g., between about 195 microns and 205 microns, and especially about 200 microns). By way of further illustration, an optical fiber may employ a secondary coating of about 197 microns at a tolerance of +/−5 microns (i.e., a secondary-coating outer diameter of between 192 microns to 202 microns). Typically, the secondary coating will retain a thickness of at least about 10 microns (e.g., an optical fiber having a reduced thickness secondary coating of between 15 microns and 25 microns).

In another alternative embodiment, the outer diameter of the component glass fiber may be reduced to less than 125 microns (e.g., between about 60 microns and 120 microns), perhaps between about 70 microns and 115 microns (e.g., about 80-110 microns). This may be achieved, for instance, by reducing the thickness of one or more cladding layers. As compared with the prior alternative embodiment, (i) the total diameter of the optical fiber may be reduced (i.e., the thickness of the primary and secondary coatings are maintained in accordance with the prior alternative embodiment) or (ii) the respective thicknesses of the primary and/or secondary coatings may be increased relative to the prior alternative embodiment (e.g., such that the total diameter of the optical fiber might be maintained).

By way of illustration, with respect to the former, a component glass fiber having a diameter of between about 90 and 100 microns might be combined with a primary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 110 microns and 150 microns (e.g., about 125 microns) and a secondary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 130 microns and 190 microns (e.g., about 155 microns). With respect to the latter, a component glass fiber having a diameter of between about 90 and 100 microns might be combined with a primary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 120 microns and 140 microns (e.g., about 130 microns) and a secondary coating layer having an outer diameter of between about 160 microns and 230 microns (e.g., about 195-200 microns).

Reducing the diameter of the component glass fiber might make the resulting optical fiber more susceptible to microbending attenuation. That said, the advantages of further reducing optical-fiber diameter may be worthwhile for some optical-fiber applications.

As noted, optical fibers contained within buffer tubes and cables in accordance with the present invention typically include one or more coating layers (e.g., a primary coating and a secondary coating). At least one of the coating layers—typically the secondary coating—may be colored and/or possess other markings to help identify individual fibers. Alternatively, a tertiary ink layer may surround the primary and secondary coatings.

Such fibers may include a low-modulus primary coating for reducing the risk of microbending. A low-modulus primary coating can be combined with bend-insensitive fiber for providing unexpectedly superior reductions in microbend sensitivity.

As will be known by those having ordinary skill in the art, an exemplary buffer tube enclosing water-blocking elements as disclosed herein may be formed of polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene or polypropylene), including fluorinated polyolefins, polyesters (e.g., polybutylene terephthalate), polyamides (e.g., nylon), as well as other polymeric materials and blends. In general, a buffer tube may be formed of one or more layers. The layers may be homogeneous or include mixtures or blends of various materials within each layer.

In this context, the buffer tube may be extruded (e.g., an extruded polymeric material) or pultruded (e.g., a pultruded, fiber-reinforced plastic). By way of example, the buffer tube may include a material to provide high temperature and chemical resistance (e.g., an aromatic material or polysulfone material).

Although buffer tubes typically have a circular cross section, buffer tubes alternatively may have an irregular or non-circular shape (e.g., an oval or a trapezoidal cross-section).

Alternatively, one or more of the present water-blocking elements may be contained within structures such as a metal tube or an outer protective sheath encapsulating one or more optical fibers. In either structure, no intermediate buffer tube is necessarily required.

Multiple optical fibers may be sandwiched, encapsulated, and/or edge bonded to form an optical-fiber ribbon. Optical-fiber ribbons can be divisible into subunits (e.g., a twelve-fiber ribbon that is splittable into six-fiber subunits). Moreover, a plurality of such optical-fiber ribbons may be aggregated to form a ribbon stack, which can have various sizes and shapes.

For example, it is possible to form a rectangular ribbon stack or a ribbon stack in which the uppermost and lowermost optical-fiber ribbons have fewer optical fibers than those toward the center of the stack. This construction may be useful to increase the density of optical elements (e.g., optical fibers) within the buffer tube and/or cable.

In general, it is desirable to increase the filling of transmission elements in buffer tubes or cables, subject to other constraints (e.g., cable or mid-span attenuation). The optical elements themselves may be designed for increased packing density. For example, the optical fiber may possess modified properties, such as improved refractive-index profile, core or cladding dimensions, or primary coating thickness and/or modulus, to improve microbending and macrobending characteristics.

By way of example, a rectangular ribbon stack may be formed with or without a central twist (i.e., a “primary twist”). Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a ribbon stack is typically manufactured with rotational twist to allow the tube or cable to bend without placing excessive mechanical stress on the optical fibers during winding, installation, and use. In a structural variation, a twisted (or untwisted) rectangular ribbon stack may be further formed into a coil-like configuration (e.g., a helix) or a wave-like configuration (e.g., a sinusoid). In other words, the ribbon stack may possess regular “secondary” deformations.

As will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art, such optical-fiber ribbons may be positioned within a buffer tube or other surrounding structure, such as a buffer-tube-free cable, that contain water-blocking elements according to the present invention. Subject to certain restraints (e.g., attenuation) it is desirable to increase the density of elements such as optical fibers or optical-fiber ribbons within buffer tubes and/or optical-fiber cables.

A plurality of buffer tubes containing optical fibers (e.g., loose or ribbonized fibers) may be positioned externally adjacent to and stranded around a central strength member. This stranding can be accomplished in one direction, helically, known as “S” or “Z” stranding, or Reverse Oscillated Lay stranding, known as “S-Z” stranding. Stranding about the central strength member reduces optical-fiber strain when cable strain occurs during installation and use.

Those having ordinary skill in the art will understand the benefit of minimizing fiber strain for both tensile cable strain and longitudinal compressive cable strain during installation or operating conditions.

With respect to tensile cable strain, which may occur during installation, the cable will become longer while the optical fibers can migrate closer to the cable's neutral axis to reduce, if not eliminate, the strain being translated to the optical fibers. With respect to longitudinal compressive strain, which may occur at low operating temperatures due to shrinkage of the cable components, the optical fibers will migrate farther away from the cable's neutral axis to reduce, if not eliminate, the compressive strain being translated to the optical fibers.

In a variation, two or more substantially concentric layers of buffer tubes may be positioned around a central strength member. In a further variation, multiple stranding elements (e.g., multiple buffer tubes stranded around a strength member) may themselves be stranded around each other or around a primary central strength member.

Alternatively, a plurality of buffer tubes containing optical fibers (e.g., loose or ribbonized fibers) may be simply placed externally adjacent to the central strength member (i.e., the buffer tubes are not intentionally stranded or arranged around the central strength member in a particular manner and run substantially parallel to the central strength member).

Alternatively still, the present water-blocking elements may be positioned within a central buffer tube (i.e., the central buffer tube cable has a central buffer tube rather than a central strength member). Such a central buffer tube cable may position strength members elsewhere. For instance, metallic or non-metallic (e.g., GRP) strength members may be positioned within the cable sheath itself, and/or one or more layers of high-strength yarns (e.g., aramid or non-aramid yarns) may be positioned parallel to or wrapped (e.g., contrahelically) around the central buffer tube (i.e., within the cable's interior space). Likewise, strength members can be included within the buffer tube's casing.

In other embodiments, the water-blocking elements according to the present invention may be placed within a slotted core cable. In a slotted core cable, optical fibers, individually or as a fiber ribbon, may be placed within pre-shaped helical grooves (i.e., channels) on the surface of a central strength member, thereby forming a slotted core unit. The slotted core unit may be enclosed by a buffer tube. One or more of such slotted core units may be placed within a slotted core cable. For example, a plurality of slotted core units may be helically stranded around a central strength member.

Alternatively, the optical fibers may also be stranded in a maxitube cable design, whereby the optical fibers are stranded around themselves within a large multi-fiber loose buffer tube rather than around a central strength member. In other words, the large multi-fiber loose buffer tube is centrally positioned within the maxitube cable. For example, such maxitube cables may be deployed in optical ground wires (OPGW).

In another cabling embodiment, multiple buffer tubes may be stranded around themselves without the presence of a central member. These stranded buffer tubes may be surrounded by a protective tube. The protective tube may serve as the outer casing of the fiber optic cable or may be further surrounded by an outer sheath. The protective tube may tightly or loosely surround the stranded buffer tubes.

As will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art, additional elements may be included within a cable core. For example, copper cables or other active, transmission elements may be stranded or otherwise bundled within the cable sheath. Passive elements may also be placed within the cable core, such as between the interior walls of the buffer tubes and the enclosed optical fibers. Alternatively and by way of example, passive elements may be placed outside the buffer tubes between the respective exterior walls of the buffer tubes and the interior wall of the cable jacket, or, within the interior space of a buffer-tube-free cable.

Moreover, an adhesive (e.g., a hot-melt adhesive or curable adhesive, such as a silicone acrylate cross-linked by exposure to actinic radiation) may be provided on one or more passive elements (e.g., water-swellable material) to bond the elements to the buffer tube. An adhesive material may also be used to bond the water-swellable element to optical fibers within the buffer tube. Exemplary arrangements of such elements are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,515,795 for a Water-Swellable Tape, Adhesive-Backed for Coupling When Used Inside a Buffer Tube and commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,589 for a Gel-Free Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Element, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, a cable enclosing water-blocking elements as disclosed herein may have a sheath formed from various materials in various designs. Cable sheathing may be formed from polymeric materials such as, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamides (e.g., nylon), polyester (e.g., PBT), fluorinated plastics (e.g., perfluorethylene propylene, polyvinyl fluoride, or polyvinylidene difluoride), and ethylene vinyl acetate. The sheath and/or buffer tube materials may also contain other additives, such as nucleating agents, flame-retardants, smoke-retardants, antioxidants, UV absorbers, and/or plasticizers.

The cable sheathing may be a single jacket formed from a dielectric material (e.g., non-conducting polymers), with or without supplemental structural components that may be used to improve the protection (e.g., from rodents) and strength provided by the cable sheath. For example, one or more layers of metallic (e.g., steel) tape along with one or more dielectric jackets may form the cable sheathing. Metallic or fiberglass reinforcing rods (e.g., GRP) may also be incorporated into the sheath. In addition, aramid, fiberglass, or polyester yarns may be employed under the various sheath materials (e.g., between the cable sheath and the cable core), and/or ripcords may be positioned, for example, within the cable sheath.

Similar to buffer tubes, optical-fiber cable sheaths typically have a circular cross section, but cable sheaths alternatively may have an irregular or non-circular shape (e.g., an oval, trapezoidal, or flat cross-section).

By way of example, the water blocking elements according to the present invention may be incorporated into single-fiber drop cables, such as those employed for Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) applications. In such deployments, the cable jacketing must exhibit crush resistance, abrasion resistance, puncture resistance, thermal stability, and fire resistance as required by building codes. An exemplary material for such cable jackets is thermally stable, flame-retardant polyurethane (PUR), which mechanically protects the optical fibers yet is sufficiently flexible to facilitate easy MDU installations. Alternatively, a flame-retardant polyolefin or polyvinyl chloride sheath may be used.

In general and as will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art, a strength member is typically in the form of a rod or braided/helically wound wires or fibers, though other configurations will be within the knowledge of those having ordinary skill in the art.

Optical-fiber cables containing water-blocking elements as disclosed may be variously deployed, including as drop cables, distribution cables, feeder cables, trunk cables, and stub cables, each of which may have varying operational requirements (e.g., temperature range, crush resistance, UV resistance, and minimum bend radius).

Such optical-fiber cables may be installed within ducts, microducts, plenums, or risers. By way of example, an optical-fiber cable may be installed in an existing duct or microduct by pulling or blowing (e.g., using compressed air). An exemplary cable installation method is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,574,095 for a Communication Cable Assembly and Installation Method, (Lock et al.), and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0317410 for a Modified Pre-Ferrulized Communication Cable Assembly and Installation Method, (Griffioen et al.), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As noted, buffer tubes containing optical fibers (e.g., loose or ribbonized fibers) may be stranded (e.g., around a central strength member). In such configurations, an optical-fiber cable's protective outer sheath may have a textured outer surface that periodically varies lengthwise along the cable in a manner that replicates the stranded shape of the underlying buffer tubes. The textured profile of the protective outer sheath can improve the blowing performance of the optical-fiber cable. The textured surface reduces the contact surface between the cable and the duct or microduct and increases the friction between the blowing medium (e.g., air) and the cable. The protective outer sheath may be made of a low coefficient-of-friction material, which can facilitate blown installation. Moreover, the protective outer sheath can be provided with a lubricant to further facilitate blown installation.

In general, to achieve satisfactory long-distance blowing performance (e.g., between about 3,000 to 5,000 feet or more), the outer cable diameter of an optical-fiber cable should be no more than about 70 to 80 percent of the duct's or microduct's inner diameter.

Compressed air may also be used to install optical fibers in an air blown fiber system. In an air blown fiber system, a network of unfilled cables or microducts is installed prior to the installation of optical fibers. Optical fibers may subsequently be blown into the installed cables as necessary to support the network's varying requirements.

Moreover, the optical-fiber cables may be directly buried in the ground or, as an aerial cable, suspended from a pole or pylon. An aerial cable may be self-supporting or secured or lashed to a support (e.g., messenger wire or another cable). Exemplary aerial fiber optic cables include overhead ground wires (OPGW), all-dielectric self-supporting cables (ADSS), all dielectric lash cables (AD-Lash), and figure-eight cables, each of which is well understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. Figure-eight cables and other designs can be directly buried or installed into ducts, and may optionally include a toning element, such as a metallic wire, so that they can be found with a metal detector.

In addition, although the optical fibers may be further protected by an outer cable sheath, the optical fiber itself may be further reinforced so that the optical fiber may be included within a breakout cable, which allows for the individual routing of individual optical fibers.

To effectively employ optical fibers in a transmission system, connections are required at various points in the network. Optical-fiber connections are typically made by fusion splicing, mechanical splicing, or mechanical connectors.

The mating ends of connectors can be installed to the fiber ends either in the field (e.g., at the network location) or in a factory prior to installation into the network. The ends of the connectors are mated in the field in order to connect the fibers together or connect the fibers to the passive or active components. For example, certain optical-fiber cable assemblies (e.g., furcation assemblies) can separate and convey individual optical fibers from a multiple optical-fiber cable to connectors in a protective manner.

The deployment of such optical-fiber cables may include supplemental equipment. For instance, an amplifier may be included to improve optical signals. Dispersion compensating modules may be installed to reduce the effects of chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. Splice boxes, pedestals, and distribution frames, which may be protected by an enclosure, may likewise be included. Additional elements include, for example, remote terminal switches, optical network units, optical splitters, and central office switches.

A cable containing water-blocking elements according to the present invention may be deployed for use in a communication system (e.g., networking or telecommunications). A communication system may include fiber optic cable architecture such as fiber-to-the-node (FTTN), fiber-to-the-telecommunications enclosure (FTTE), fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-building (FTTB), and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), as well as long-haul or metro architecture. Moreover, an optical module or a storage box that includes a housing may receive a wound portion of the optical fiber disclosed herein. By way of example, the optical fiber may be wound with a bending radius of less than about 15 millimeters (e.g., 10 millimeters or less, such as about 5 millimeters) in the optical module or the storage box.

To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,643 for a Single Mode Bend Insensitive Fiber for Use in Fiber Optic Guidance Applications (Hodges et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,623,747 for a Single Mode Optical Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,587,111 for a Single-Mode Optical Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,356,234 for a Chromatic Dispersion Compensating Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,483,613 for a Chromatic Dispersion Compensating Fiber (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,555,186 for an Optical Fiber (Flammer et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0252469 A1 for a Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber (Sillard et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/098,804 for a Transmission Optical Fiber Having Large Effective Area (Sillard et al.), filed Apr. 7, 2008; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/062131 A1 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0175583 A1 for a Microbend-Resistant Optical Fiber, (Overton); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0279835 A1 for a Single-Mode Optical Fiber Having Reduced Bending Losses, filed May 6, 2009, (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0279836 A1 for a Bend-Insensitive Single-Mode Optical Fiber, filed May 6, 2009, (de Montmorillon et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/489,995 for a Wavelength Multiplexed Optical System with Multimode Optical Fibers, filed Jun. 23, 2009, (Lumineau et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/498,439 for a Multimode Optical Fibers, filed Jul. 7, 2009, (Gholami et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,011 for a Reduced-Diameter Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 6, 2009, (Overton); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,172 for a Multimode Optical System, filed Nov. 6, 2009, (Gholami et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/617,316 for an Amplifying Optical Fiber and Method of Manufacturing, filed Nov. 12, 2009, (Pastouret et al.) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/629,495 for an Amplifying Optical Fiber and Production Method, filed Dec. 2, 2009, (Pastouret et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/633,229 for an Ionizing Radiation-Resistant Optical Fiber Amplifier, filed Dec. 8, 2009, (Regnier et al.); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/636,277 for a Buffered Optical Fiber, filed Dec. 11, 2009, (Testu et al.).

To supplement the present disclosure, this application further incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,816 for Polypropylene-Polyethylene Copolymer Buffer Tubes for Optical Fiber Cables and Method for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,805 for Stress Concentrations in an Optical Fiber Ribbon to Facilitate Separation of Ribbon Matrix Material; U.S. Pat. No. 5,761,362 for Polypropylene-Polyethylene Copolymer Buffer Tubes for Optical Fiber Cables and Method for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,023 for Polyolefin Materials Suitable for Optical Fiber Cable Components; U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,968 for Stress Concentrations in an Optical Fiber Ribbon to Facilitate Separation of Ribbon Matrix Material; U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,087 for an Optical Unit for Fiber Optic Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,397 for Polypropylene Filler Rods for Optical Fiber Communications Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,677 for an Optical Fiber Multi-Ribbon and Method for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 6,085,009 for Water Blocking Gels Compatible with Polyolefin Optical Fiber Cable Buffer Tubes and Cables Made Therewith; U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,931 for Flexible Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers for Buffering Transmission Elements in a Telecommunications Cable; U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,363 for a Method for Accessing Optical Fibers in the Midspan Region of an Optical Fiber Cable; U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,390 for a Color-Coded Optical Fiber Ribbon and Die for Making the Same; U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,857 for a Method for Accessing Optical Fibers Contained in a Sheath; U.S. Pat. No. 6,314,224 for a Thick-Walled Cable Jacket with Non-Circular Cavity Cross Section; U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,016 for an Optical Fiber Ribbon Matrix Material Having Optimal Handling Characteristics; U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,012 for an Optical Fiber Having Water Swellable Material for Identifying Grouping of Fiber Groups; U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,014 for a Method for Manufacturing Optical Fiber Ribbon; U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,802 for Polypropylene Filler Rods for Optical Fiber Communications Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,491 for an Optical Drop Cable for Aerial Installation; U.S. Pat. No. 7,346,244 for a Coated Central Strength Member for Fiber Optic Cables with Reduced Shrinkage; U.S. Pat. No. 6,658,184 for a Protective Skin for Optical Fibers; U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,908 for a Buffer Tube that Results in Easy Access to and Low Attenuation of Fibers Disposed Within Buffer Tube; U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,010 for an Applicator for High-Speed Gel Buffering of Flextube Optical Fiber Bundles; U.S. Pat. No. 6,749,446 for an Optical Fiber Cable with Cushion Members Protecting Optical Fiber Ribbon Stack; U.S. Pat. No. 6,922,515 for a Method and Apparatus to Reduce Variation of Excess Fiber Length in Buffer Tubes of Fiber Optic Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,538 for a Method and Apparatus to Reduce Variation of Excess Fiber Length in Buffer Tubes of Fiber Optic Cables; U.S. Pat. No. 7,322,122 for a Method and Apparatus for Curing a Fiber Having at Least Two Fiber Coating Curing Stages; U.S. Pat. No. 6,912,347 for an Optimized Fiber Optic Cable Suitable for Microduct Blown Installation; U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,049 for a Fiber Optic Cable Having No Rigid Strength Members and a Reduced Coefficient of Thermal Expansion; U.S. Pat. No. 7,162,128 for Use of Buffer Tube Coupling Coil to Prevent Fiber Retraction; U.S. Pat. No. 7,515,795 for a Water-Swellable Tape, Adhesive-Backed for Coupling When Used Inside a Buffer Tube (Overton et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0292262 for a Grease-Free Buffer Optical Fiber Buffer Tube Construction Utilizing a Water-Swellable, Texturized Yarn (Overton et al.); European Patent Application Publication No. 1,921,478 A1, for a Telecommunication Optical Fiber Cable (Tatat et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,570,852 for an Optical Fiber Cable Suited for Blown Installation or Pushing Installation in Microducts of Small Diameter (Nothofer et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0037942 A1 for an Optical Fiber Telecommunications Cable (Tatat); U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,589 for a Gel-Free Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Element (Overton et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,739 for a Fiber Optic Cable Having a Water-Swellable Element (Overton); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0041414 A1 for a Method for Accessing Optical Fibers within a Telecommunication Cable (Lavenne et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003781 A1 for an Optical Fiber Cable Having a Deformable Coupling Element (Parris et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003779 A1 for an Optical Fiber Cable Having Raised Coupling Supports (Parris); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0003785 A1 for a Coupling Composition for Optical Fiber Cables (Parris et al.); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2009/0214167 A1 for a Buffer Tube with Hollow Channels, (Lookadoo et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/466,965 for an Optical Fiber Telecommunication Cable, filed May 15, 2009, (Tatat); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/506,533 for a Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled Optical Fibers and/or Water-Swellable Element, filed Jul. 21, 2009, (Overton et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/557,055 for an Optical Fiber Cable Assembly, filed Sep. 10, 2009, (Barker et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/557,086 for a High-Fiber-Density Optical Fiber Cable, filed Sep. 10, 2009, (Louie et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/558,390 for a Buffer Tubes for Mid-Span Storage, filed Sep. 11, 2009, (Barker); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,692 for Single-Fiber Drop Cables for MDU Deployments, filed Nov. 9, 2009, (Overton); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,754 for Optical-Fiber Loose Tube Cables, filed Nov. 9, 2009, (Overton); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/615,003 for a Reduced-Size Flat Drop Cable, filed Nov. 9, 2009, (Overton et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/615,106 for ADSS Cables with High-Performance Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 9, 2009, (Overton); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/615,698 for Reduced-Diameter Ribbon Cables with High-Performance Optical Fiber, filed Nov. 10, 2009, (Overton); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/615,737 for a Reduced-Diameter, Easy-Access Loose Tube Cable, filed Nov. 10, 2009, (Overton); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/642,784 for a Method and Device for Manufacturing an Optical Preform, filed Dec. 19, 2009, (Milicevic et al.).

In the specification and/or figures, typical embodiments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. 

1. An optical-fiber cable, comprising: an optical fiber; a buffer tube enclosing said optical fiber; a water-blocking element positioned between said optical fiber and said buffer tube, said water-blocking element comprising (i) a substantially non-fibrous, compression-resistant carrier tape defining a plurality of perforations and (ii) a water-swellable particulate powder bonded to said perforated carrier tape, wherein said water-blocking element at least partially surrounds said optical fiber and wherein said perforated carrier tape is positioned adjacent to said optical fiber and said water-swellable powder is positioned opposite said optical fiber; and a polymeric cable jacket surrounding said buffer tube.
 2. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 1, wherein: said buffer tube encloses a plurality of optical fibers, said buffer tube possessing a filling coefficient of at least about 0.20; and the optical-fiber cable complies with the GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement.
 3. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 1, wherein said perforated carrier tape possesses a density of at least about 0.90 g/cm³.
 4. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 1, wherein said perforated carrier tape is a non-foamed carrier tape.
 5. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 1, wherein said perforated carrier tape is substantially incompressible.
 6. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 1, wherein said perforated carrier tape possesses Shore A hardness of more than about
 25. 7. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of perforations defined by said substantially non-fibrous, compression-resistant carrier tape are sized to hinder the dry migration of said water-swellable particulate powder through said perforated carrier tape.
 8. An optical-fiber cable, comprising: an optical fiber; a buffer tube enclosing said optical fiber; a water-blocking element positioned between said optical fiber and said buffer tube, said water-blocking element comprising (i) first and second substantially non-fibrous, compression-resistant carrier tapes, at least one of said first and second carrier tapes defining a plurality of perforations and (ii) a water-swellable particulate powder disposed between said first and second carrier tapes, wherein said water-blocking element at least partially surrounds said optical fiber; and a polymeric cable jacket surrounding said buffer tube.
 9. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 8, wherein each of said first and second carrier tapes defines a plurality of perforations.
 10. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 8, wherein: said buffer tube encloses a plurality of optical fibers, said buffer tube possessing a filling coefficient of at least about 0.30; and the optical-fiber cable complies with the GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement.
 11. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 8, wherein said first and second carrier tapes each possess a density of at least about 0.90 g/cm³.
 12. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 8, wherein said first and second carrier tapes are substantially incompressible.
 13. An optical-fiber cable, comprising: an optical fiber; a buffer tube enclosing said optical fiber; a water-blocking element positioned between said optical fiber and said buffer tube, said water-blocking element comprising (i) a fibrous carrier tape defining a plurality of discrete perforations and (ii) a water-swellable particulate powder bonded to said perforated fibrous carrier tape, wherein said water-blocking element at least partially surrounds said optical fiber and wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape is positioned adjacent to said optical fiber and said water-swellable powder is positioned opposite said optical fiber; and a polymeric cable jacket surrounding said buffer tube.
 14. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein: said buffer tube encloses a plurality of optical fibers, said buffer tube possessing a filling coefficient of at least about 0.20; and the optical-fiber cable complies with the GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement.
 15. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 14, wherein: said buffer tube encloses a plurality of bend-insensitive optical fibers, said buffer tube possessing a filling coefficient of at least about 0.50; and the optical-fiber cable complies with the GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement.
 16. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape possesses Shore A hardness of more than about
 25. 17. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape possesses Shore A hardness of more than about
 45. 18. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape is a water-insoluble carrier tape that maintains its strength and structural integrity when immersed in water.
 19. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein the plurality of perforations defined by said perforated fibrous carrier tape are sized to hinder the dry migration of said water-swellable particulate powder through said perforated fibrous carrier tape.
 20. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape comprises a substrate formed from a plurality of polymeric fibers, wherein the density of said substrate is at least about 80 percent of the density of said polymeric fibers.
 21. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape comprises a substrate formed from a plurality of polymeric fibers, wherein the density of said substrate is at least about 90 percent of the density of said polymeric fibers.
 22. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape comprises natural fibers.
 23. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape comprises paper.
 24. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 13, wherein said perforated fibrous carrier tape comprises parchment paper.
 25. An optical-fiber cable, comprising: an optical fiber; a buffer tube enclosing said optical fiber; a water-blocking element positioned between said optical fiber and said buffer tube, said water-blocking element comprising (i) first and second fibrous carrier tapes, at least one of said first and second carrier tapes defining a plurality of perforations and interstices that facilitate the passage of water and (ii) a water-swellable particulate powder disposed between said first and second carrier tapes, wherein said water-blocking element at least partially surrounds said optical fiber; and a polymeric cable jacket surrounding said buffer tube.
 26. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 25, wherein each of said carrier tapes defines a plurality of perforations.
 27. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 25, wherein: said buffer tube encloses a plurality of optical fibers, said buffer tube possessing a filling coefficient of at least about 0.30; and the optical-fiber cable complies with the GR-20-CORE temperature cycling requirement.
 28. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 25, wherein said first and second carrier tapes are water-insoluble carrier tapes that maintain their strength and structural integrity when immersed in water.
 29. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 25, wherein said first and second carrier tapes comprise a substrate formed from a plurality of polymeric fibers, wherein the density of said substrate is at least about 80 percent of the density of said polymeric fibers.
 30. An optical-fiber cable according to claim 25, wherein said first and second carrier tapes are formed from a plurality of natural fibers. 